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快速阅读命题特点及答题技巧
作者：郭景毅 文章来源：《英语辅导报》 点击数： 更新时间：2016-5-5
快速阅读命题特点及答题技巧
从最新的大学英语四、六级考试改革的内容可以看出，快速阅读部分出现了两种题目，即判断题和填空题，主要测试考生阅读中的略读（skimming）和寻读（scanning）的能力。快速阅读要求考生在15分钟内读完一篇1200 字左右的文章，并回答后面的10道题。这10道题中，前7道题为是非判断题， 如果与文章内容相符的选Y(YES)；与原文矛盾的选N(NO)； 如果原文未提及的有关信息则选NG(NOT GIVEN)， 而后面的3个是填空题，答案基本都是原文中出现的原词。该题型的文章可能会给出一个大标题和几个小标题，便于考生把握文章的大意。考查的内容大部分是细节题和少量的主旨题。为了提高快速阅读理解能力和做题准确率，笔者认为有必要了解其命题特点及答题技巧。
一、快速阅读命题特点
（一）对Yes和No 选项分析
Yes选项适用于
1. 同义表达。
2. 同义改写。
3. 根据原文概括或归纳而成的题目。
No 选项适用于：
1. 题目与原文内容相反。
2. 原文和题目中各自使用了表示不同的范围、频率或程度的词。如原文中用many或sometimes 等词，而题目中却改用了all, usually, always等词。
3. 原文是多个并列条件，题目只是其中一个条件，即原文是两个或多个情形（通常是两种情形），出现both...and, and, or 及 also等词，而题目只有其中一个情况，常用must或 only 等词。
(二) 对 Not Given选项分析
Not Given选项适用于：
1. 题目中的某些内容在原文中没有提及或题目中的某些内容在原文中找不到证据。
2. 原文中没有出现两个事物的比较，而题目中却出现了比较。
3. 原文中涉及了一个较大的范围，而题目却是一个具体的概念。
（三）对句子填空题的分析
该类题目要求考生基于文章的信息，自己从文章中寻找答案。该题型考察的是对文章的局部信息的理解。在做这种题时，首先要搞清题干，找准关键词，然后带着题干中的关键词回到原文中查读和定位。
二、快速阅读答题技巧
1. 扫描全文，把握文章的中心内容和总体框架，读的内容包括：
☆题目
☆段落题目
☆引言和结论
☆较深色或斜体字部分
☆抓住关键词句，文章中如果没有小标题，则需要通过关键词句查找段落主题句，准确了解文章的主要内容。
2. 读题干，理解句子意思，查找关键词。查找关键词的顺序如下：题干主语中的名词 →谓语动词→宾语部分的名词。如题干“National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.”中，我们可以通过关键词National standards 和数字1921到原文中查找定位。
3. 利用关键词在文章中查读、定位，并做题。
在快速阅读考试中，能否准确找出正确答案很大程度上取决于对词语的形式变化的认知能力，即能否辨认出意义相同但在形式上有很大差异的词或短语，如题干中可能出现staff selection，但在文章中可能是recruitment，这就需要在阅读时多加比较，以提高快速辨认的能力。
以下以2006年6月710分四级新题型中的“快速阅读”真题为例，具体分析快速阅读的答题技巧：（文章中的数字为笔者根据各题所加，与回答问题的数字相对应。）
Highways
Early in the 20th century, most of the streets and roads in the U.S. were made of dirt, brick, and cedar wood blocks. Built for horse, carriage, and food traffic, they were usually poorly cared for and too narrow to accommodate (容纳) automobiles.
With the increase in auto production, private turnpike (收费公路) companies under local authorities began to spring up, and by 1921 there were 387,000 miles of paved roads. Many were built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers Thomas Telford and John MacAdam (for whom the macadam surface is named), whose specifications stressed the importance of adequate drainage.①Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs. During World War I, roads throughout the country were nearly destroyed by the weight of trucks. ②When General Eisenhower returned from Germany in 1919, after serving in the U.S. Army's first transcontinental motor convoy (车队), he noted: “The old convoy had started me thinking about good, two-lane highways, but Germany's Autobahn or motorway had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land.”
It would take another war before the federal government would act on a national highway system. During World War II, a tremendous increase in trucks and new roads was required. The war demonstrated how critical highways were to the defense effort. Thirteen percent of defense plants received all their supplies by trucks, and almost all other plants shipped more than half of their products by vehicle. The war also revealed that local control of highways had led to a confusing variety of design standards. Even federal and state highways did not follow basic standards. Some states allowed trucks up to 36,000 pounds, while others restricted anything over 7,000 pounds. A government study recommended a national highway system of 33,920 miles, and Congress soon passed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944, which called for strict, centrally controlled design criteria.
③ The interstate highway system was finally launched in 1956 and has been hailed as one of the greatest public works projects of the century. To build its 44,000-mile web of highways, bridges, and tunnels, hundreds of unique engineering designs and solutions had to be worked out.
④Consider the many geographic features of the country: mountains, steep grades, wetlands, rivers, deserts, and plains. Variables included the slope of the land, the ability of the pavement to support the load, the intensity of road use, and the nature of the underlying soil. Urban areas were another problem. Innovative designs of roadway, tunnels, bridges, overpasses, and interchanges that could run through or bypass urban areas soon began to weave their way across the country, forever altering the face of America.
Long-span, segmented-concrete, cable-stayed bridges such as Hale Boggs in Louisiana and Sunshine Skyway in Florida, and remarkable tunnels like Fort McHenry in Maryland and Mt. Baker in Washington, met many of the nation's physical challenges. Traffic control systems and methods of construction developed under the interstate program soon influenced highway construction around the world, and were invaluable in improving the condition of urban streets and traffic patterns.
Today, the interstate system links every major city in the U.S., and the U.S. with Canada and Mexico. Built with safety in mind, the highways have wide lanes and shoulders, dividing medians or barriers, long entry and exit lanes, curves engineered for safe turns, and limited access. ⑤The death rate on highways is half that of all other U. S. roads (0.86 deaths per 100 million passenger miles compared to 1.99 deaths per 100 million on all other roads).
By opening the North American continent, highways have enabled consumer goods and services to reach people in remote and rural areas of the country, spurred the growth of suburbs, and provided people with greater options in terms of jobs, access to cultural programs, health care, and other benefits. ⑧Above all, the interstate system provides individuals with what they cherish most: personal freedom of mobility.
The interstate system has been an essential element of the nation's economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation: ⑨more than 75 percent of the nation's freight deliveries arrive by truck; and most products that arrive by rail and air use interstates for the last leg of the journey by vehicle. ⑦Not only had the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes; it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centers. It has allowed the relocation of manufacturing plants and other industries from urban areas to rural areas.
By the end of the century there was an immense network of paved roads, residential streets, expressways, and freeways built to support millions of vehicles. ⑩The highway system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vision and leadership. The year construction began he said: “Together, the united forces of our communication and transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bear - United States. Without them we would be a mere alliance of many separate parts. ”
Questions:
1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.
2. General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two-lane highways of America.
3. It was in the 1950s that the American government finally took action to build a national highway system.
4. Many of the problems presented by the country's geographical features found solutions in innovative engineering projects.
5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other American roads.
6. The interstate highway system provides access between major military installations in America.
7. Service stations, motels and restaurants promoted the development of the interstate highway system.
8. The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was __________.
9. Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than ______________.
10. The interstate system was renamed after Eisenhower in recognition of ________________.
【答案与解析】
1. N. 根据题干的关键词National standards 和数字1921，可以根据1921定位到第2段第2句，但此处未发现National standards，再往下多浏览两句会发现National standards。原文要表达的意思是：虽然到1921年已经修建了很长的公路，但仍然没有统一的全国标准。所以该命题是错误的。
2. Y. 根据题干中的人名和 two-lane highways of America，在第2段的最后两句找到定位。艾森豪威尔将军说：“古老的车队使我想到修建高级的、两排车道的公路。但德国的高速公路使我具有了遍布全国公路网的远见。”由此可见，命题实际是对此句话做出的同义改写，所以该命题正确。
3. Y. 根据题干中的1950s寻找线索，定位在第4段首句，文章中的launch与take action是同义表达，所以该命题正确。
4. Y. 利用题干中geographical features定位到第5段第1句。接下来讲的是 geographical features的具体表现，其中的列举结构可一扫而过，重点关注最后一句，发现采用独特的工程方法克服了这些地形地貌所带来的困难。所以该命题正确。
5. N. 由关键词death rate将该命题定位在第7段的最后一句，原文中说高速公路上的死亡率是美国其他公路上的一半。该命题与文中的意思恰好相反，所以该命题是错误的。
6. NG.以关键词military installations为线索在文章中迅速扫描，没有出现类似信息，因此该命题在文中没有提到。
7. N. 由关键词service station, motels, restaurants将该命题定位到倒数第2段的倒数第2句，说明了高速公路系统的发展促进了美国货运业的发展，也促进了一些附属产业的发展，如：服务业、酒店、旅馆和购物中心等行业的发展。而命题颠倒了原文的意思，所以该命题是错误的。
8. personal freedom of mobility。该命题的定位有一定的难度，因为文中没有出现benefit 一词，但根据语言形式对应的原则，利用最高级，可定位到倒数第3段末句，即可找到高速公路的好处的相关信息，the greatest是对最后一句话中Above all的同义改写， 所以该题的空白处应填入personal freedom of mobility。
9. 75 percent of the nation's freight。由关键词 trucks, deliver和比较结构 more than, 可以定位到倒数第2段第1句冒号处。
10. his vision and leadership。根据关键词renamed，Eisenhower和 in recognition of，可以定位在最后一段“The highway system ... leadership.”一句中，注意 in recognition of是对honor的同义改写，所以该命题空处填入his vision and leadership。
从以上例子可以看出做题时要根据原文做适当的推断，同时要相信自己的第一感觉，不要轻易改答案，有些考生经常会因将正确答案改错而后悔不已。只要考生在平时广泛地阅读，注意养成良好的阅读习惯，熟练地掌握正确的阅读方法和技巧，英语学习就一定会有收获。
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